阿维菌素与橡胶籽油复配对朱砂叶螨的联合作用

室内测定了阿维菌素和橡胶籽油对朱砂叶螨的毒力及其复配剂的联合作用。结果表明,阿维菌素和橡胶籽油对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的LC50分别为0.01μg/ml和1311.81μg/ml;阿维菌素与橡胶籽油复配对朱砂叶螨成螨增效作用显著,共毒系数最高为293.90;阿维菌素及其与橡胶籽油最优复配剂对经药剂处理螨卵孵化的若螨具有显著的杀灭活性,且相同浓度下复配剂显著优于阿维菌素单剂,但两药剂对螨卵的直接毒杀活性均很低。阿维菌素与橡胶籽油复配剂这一高效、安全生物农药在害螨防治中极具应用前景。     

神泽氏叶螨发育起点和有效积温的研究

通过对神泽氏叶螨ＴｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓｋａｎｚａｗａｉＫｉｓｈｉｄａ在不同温湿度条件下发育历期的观察，结果表明；３５℃，ＲＨ６０％完成一代需６．２３±０．４４ｄ；３０℃，ＲＨ６５％完成一代需１０．８９±０．５ｄ；２５℃，ＲＨ７０％完成一代需９．１６６±１．１４ｄ；２０℃，ＲＨ７５％完成一代需１５．９２±１．１ｄ；１５℃，ＲＨ８０％完成一代需２７．４９±２．２３ｄ。江西一年可能发生１３～１６代，发育起点温度为９．９５±０．７９℃，完成一代的有效积温为１６６±３．７７３日度。     

朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶的表达纯化及其酶活测定条件优化

乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)是生物体内保证神经信号正常传递的关键酶,是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的作用靶标。现研究拟采用发酵罐培养含pET-30a/ace的表达菌株E.coli BL21(DE3),大量表达纯化螨AChE,利用单因素试验和正交试验优化AChE活性的测定条件。结果表明:发酵培养的重组菌株大量表达约为68kD的朱砂叶螨AChE蛋白。底物浓度、温度、pH和酶浓度等各测定因素对朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶活性存在显著影响。确定朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定的最佳反应条件为:底物浓度1mmol/L,pH值7,温度35℃,酶浓度0.5mg/mL。通过体外发酵培养纯化获得了大量的朱砂叶螨AChE重组蛋白,确定了螨AChE活性测定的最佳条件,为进一步研究其酶学性质以及AChE抑制剂的体外筛选奠定基础。     

朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶真核表达载体构建及在293T细胞中表达条件

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE;EC 3.1.1.7)是神经传导中调节神经递质乙酰胆碱水平的一种关键酶,是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的主要作用靶标。目前关于朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶的真核表达还未见报道。本研究拟构建朱砂叶螨AChE的真核表达载体,进行在293T细胞中表达条件摸索。将朱砂叶螨野生型ace完整读框和去掉3’疏水区的ace基因分别插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO中,经PCR和双酶切鉴定及测序验证后,成功构建了真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/ace。采用GFP报告基因确定在293T细胞中表达条件摸索,结果表明293T细胞的最适转染时间为48h和LipofectamineTM2000转染试剂的最适加样量为20μL。本试验成功构建了朱砂叶螨AChE的真核表达载体,确定了在293T细胞中的表达条件,为后续筛选新型选择性AChE抑制剂奠定了基础。     

溴虫腈与哒螨灵对朱砂叶螨的联合作用

为明确溴虫腈与哒螨灵的联合杀螨活性,采用玻片浸渍法测定了溴虫腈与哒螨灵不同配比混剂对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的杀螨活性,并以共毒因子法和共毒系数法评价混剂的增效作用。结果表明,溴虫腈和哒螨灵对朱砂叶螨雌成螨处理后24 h的致死中质量浓度(LC50)分别为8.80、17.69mg/L;溴虫腈与哒螨灵的质量比为49∶51、47∶53、45∶55时增效最明显,对朱砂叶螨处理后24 h的共毒系数分别为177.94、178.49、173.73,LC50分别为6.65、6.72、7.00 mg/L,其毒力分别是哒螨灵的2.66倍、2.63倍、2.53倍。因此,45%~49%溴虫腈与51%~55%哒螨灵混合具有显著的增效作用。     

Joint Acaricidal Action of Diafenthiuron and Fenbutatin-oxide Against Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Boisduval） （Acari： Tetranychidae）

[Objective]This study was conducted to obtain a new high-efficiency acaricide mixture.[Method]The synergism acaricidal of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide against carmine spider mite was investigated,and the optimal ratio of both acaricides were determined by means of co-toxicity factors and co-toxicity coefficients（CTC）.[Result]At 24 h post-treatment,the LC50values of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide against T.cinnabarinus female adults were 154.67 and 93.26 mg/L,respectively,and the synergistic mass ratios of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide ranged from 1：0.06 to 1：0.87,and the optimal diafenthiuron-to-fenbutatin-oxide ratio was 1：0.39 with the LC50and CTC of 67.87 mg/L and 188.93（CTC significantly above 100 strongly indicated synergism）,respectively,and the toxicity relative to diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide was 2.28 and 1.37 times,respectively.[Conclusion]The joint acaricidal action of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide strongly indicates synergism.These findings proved scientific theoretical basis for mixing diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide to control spider mites and developing a new synergisic acaricide.     

Influence of enteric helminths on the distribution of intestinal endocrine cells belonging to the diffuse endocrine system in brown trout,Salmo trutta L

The presence of intestinal helminths in the alimentary canal of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., can alter the number of cells that synthesize modulatory peptides. A total of 167 brown trout were collected from tributaries of the River Brenta (northern Italy), of which 119 (71.3%) specimens were infected with enteric helminths, 28 with the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis Müller, 1776 with intensity of infection ranging from 1 to 162 (18.57 +/- 30.79) worms per host and 67 fish with the cestode Cyathocephalus truncatus Pallas, 1781. Intensity of infection with C. truncatus ranged from 1 to 85 (6.87 +/- 12.59) per fish. In 24 fish there were concurrent infections of both species of helminths. The caecal and middle regions of the intestine were the most heavily parasitized. Immunohistochemical tests showed a decrease in endocrine cells (ECs) of the diffuse endocrine system (DES) positive to gastrin, cholecystokinin-8, bombesin and secretin antisera in the intestine of the infected trout. The number of ECs immunoreactive to anti-glucagon serum did not show differences in the digestive tract of uninfected brown trout and in conspecifics parasitized with P. laevis. The density of cells containing glucagon-like material was low in the fish parasitized with C. truncatus. The results suggest that endoparasitic helminths induce alterations in the DES of infected S. trutta.     

Occurrence and present status of coastal dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Tursiops truncatus) in the eastern Ionian Sea

• 1. Boat surveys aimed at studying short‐beaked common dolphins and common bottlenose dolphins in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters were conducted between 1993 and 2003. During 835 survey days, 24 771 km of total effort was distributed within an area of 480 km², resulting in 428 common dolphin and 235 bottlenose dolphin sightings.
• 2. Individual photo‐identification was performed extensively throughout this study, making it possible to monitor the number of animals seen in the study area each year and their long‐term residency patterns.
• 3. Common dolphins declined across the study period, from 2.18 encounters/100 km in 1997 to 0.40 encounters/100 km in 2003. In contrast, there was a relatively stable presence of bottlenose dolphins, some individuals showing high levels of site fidelity and others using the area only occasionally.
• 4. The local decline of common dolphins and the low density of bottlenose dolphins appeared to reflect the general status of these cetacean species in the wider Mediterranean region, where common dolphins were classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List in 2003.
• 5. Based on the available evidence, we infer that the present unfavourable status of common dolphins in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters is largely a consequence of prey depletion.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

温度对抗性二点叶螨种群生命力和繁殖力影响的研究

将二点叶螨的三种性种群所产生的卵分别置于１６℃、２１℃、２６℃、３１℃、３６℃的条件下系统饲养。结果表明：温度对抗性二点叶螨的发育有明显的刺激效应,刺激效应从大到小依次为：产卵前期、卵期、幼螨期、成螨期、若螨期、产卵期,２６℃时刺激效应最低。与敏感种群相比,不同温度下的各抗性种群发育历期缩短率分别为：甲氰菊酯种群为２０．２８％、氧化乐果种群为２３．２１％、螨嗪菊酯种群为３５．６５％,各抗生种群在２６℃时的产卵期最长,产卵量最高。各抗性种群在不同温度条件下的产卵量和产卵期均低于敏感种群,表现出明显的生殖不利性。     

18g／L阿维菌素乳油防治棉花红蜘蛛试验

进行田间试验以明确18g/L阿维菌素乳油防治棉花红蜘蛛的效果。结果表明：18g,L阿维菌素乳油（8．1～10．8）g／hm^2能够很好的控制棉花红蜘蛛,且防治效果高于对照,对作物安全。